The study of Microprobe Analyses in different tourmaline bearing unites in Boroujerd area, for example, quartz tourmaline veins in Nezamabad quartz diorites, Aplitepegmatite tourmaline bearing Ghalesamorkhan, Gijali and Kabotarlan granodiorites, pegmatite veins in Kolahjob schist and nodular tourmaline in Dehgah and Astaneh show that most tourmalines in Boroujerd area are schorlite. Needle like Ghalae Samorkhan and some samples from Kolahjob-Gijali are foitite. Euhedral and none zoning, high Fe/Fe+Mg, low X site vacancy and high Al amount in more of tourmaline are reasons of magmatic Source. The occurrence of tourmaline in peraluminous granite Dehgah and Astaneh is evidence of enriched B magma Source. Therefor, the studied area tourmalines depend of granitic Source and originate of hydrothermal fluid to magmatic Source.

The south Caspian Basin is a seismic block within the Alpine-Himalayan Belt. The Source time function of 31 events of Caspian earthquakes have been obtained from teleseismic body waveform modeling. The duration of each subevent with magnitude larger than 5 (Mw>5.0) and depth between 4 ≤ h ≤ 76km was determined from Source time function. Corner frequency and stress drops have been calculated for each of 31 events by using pulse duration from Source time function. When viewed over the entire depth range, the total duration (τt) is related to Mo by log τt = (0.2642 ± 0.001) log MO- 8.9119 (± .0.194). Corner frequencies range is from 0.038 Hz to 0.16Hz. Static stress drops calculated from the pulse shapes for each event studied in this paper changed between 0.07 bars to a maximum of 46 bars. Minimum and maximum displacements are 0.79m and 3.3m respectively. The variation in stress drop is considerable, but no evidence is seen for a scaling relation in which stress drop increase with moment. These relative Source durations do not show any clear depth dependence.

Background: The need for a rapid, noninvasive method for unwanted hair removal has led to the development of various light Sources for this purpose. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light Source (IPLS) on unwanted hairs. Patients & Methods: In this open, uncontrolled clinical trial, 77 different anatomical areas in 34 referred patients to "Novin Didegan Clinic" in Tehran in 1380-1381, were treated by IPLS at fluencies ranging from 22 to 34 j/cm2 after their demographic data and the number of hairs were recorded. The 3 to 7 treatment sessions were accomplished 4 to 6 weeks apart. All of the patients were followed 6 months after the last therapy. The quantitative data were  analyzed by paired t test. Results: Six months after the last therapy, more than 50% reduction in number of hairs was noted in 80% of the treated areas; with mean reduction of 72±23 percent. Side effects were mild and reversible and occurred in ten patients. Conclusion: The IPLS appears to provide an effective and safe method for long term excess hair removal in various skin types.      

Counter-urbanization has been defined with many definitions in research literature as increasing of the small town population in the process of urban expansion and development. This study investigates the counter-urbanization process in Isfahan metropolitan area based on an exploratory method using the population and immigration data, diurnal commuting, and the immigration motivators. The results show that, during different periods, population growth has been changed from the greater cities’ metropolitan area to the small towns. So that, there is less population growth near the main greater cities during the last decade. Regarding the immigration as well as migration effectiveness over the population, and immigration motivators, it can be said that the most important parameters of small towns’ expansion near the greater cities are better habitation opportunities, and finding better jobs. Furthermore, decreasing the diurnal commuting close to the greater cities shows that small towns, which are farther from the greater city, have more autonomy. In addition, based on polarization reversal model, and population development investigation in metropolitan areas, there are population development from the greater cities’ centre to the periphery area, which is leaded to decrease the population of the main greater city, and increase the population absorption in small towns. Consequently, the urbanization of Isfahan metropolitan area has entered to a counter-urbanization phase.

ABSTRACT: The Surabaya River is a tributary downstream of the Brantas River, which is the longest river in East Java. The Source of raw water for the city of Surabaya comes from the Surabaya River. Currently, the pollutants in the Surabaya River are not only organic and heavy metals but also microplastics. This study aims to identify the microplastic content in human stool as well as possible Sources of microplastic pollutants in the community living in the Surabaya river basin area. This research was conducted on ten samples of human stools in the Surabaya river basin area. The results showed that the types of microplastics found in human stool samples were divided into three types, namely the type of fibre, the type of fragment, and the type of filament. The most common types of microplastics were the types of fragments and filaments found in nine human stool samples. Meanwhile, the type of fibre was only found in seven samples of human stool. With the discovery of the three types of microplastics in human stool, the human stool in the Surabaya river basin area has been contaminated by microplastics. This can be possible because most of the respondents' drinking water consumption comes from bottled water. In general, this type of microplastic fragment can come from plastic bottles, plastic bags and pipe fragments.

Mollataleb area is located in the north of Aligudarz city, in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone. The regional metamorphic rocks with Upper Triassic-Jurassic age and various granitoid units are the most important geological event that occurred in the area. The development of granitoid masses in Aligudarz area aged Middle Jurassic that intruded into schists. Microprobe analyses of tourmalines in pegmatites, aplite-pegmatites tourmline vein, tourmaline nodules and quartz tourmaline veins show that these tourmalines are schorl-foitite type with dominance of schorl type. Different tourmaline occurrences in the granite units, euhedral forms and eminent chemical zoning, high Fe/Fe+Mg, deficiency in X sites and high Al contents are recognizable in most tourmalines and display their magmatic origin. Therefore, the tourmalines in Mollataleb area depended on granite environment and were formed by hydrothermal Source of magma.

The quaternary alkali olivine basalts exposed in the east and northeast of Sanandaj in Qorveh, Takab and Bijar axis. These rocks are mainly olivine basalts with normative nepheline and olivine. The existence of gneissic xenolith, quartz xenocrysts and phenocrysts of biotite are evidences of crustal contamination. From geochemical point of view, negative anomaly of P, Zr, Nb, Ti and Pb positive anomaly as well as enrichment of LIL elements indicate crustal contamination. In tectonic setting diagrams, the samples plot in intra-plate alkali basalts. The low ratios of Y/Nb, Zr/Nb, high ratio (La/Yb)N ~24 and the similarity of REE pattern with OIB, show that of magma generated in an enriched mantle. Also, geochemical studies indicate that the studied basalts are derived from enriched mantle OIB-like Source with spinel facies in the pressure of 10-15 kbar, depth of less than 60 km and less than 15% partial melting.